Litigation Definition & Which Means
These are the charges charged by your solicitor to act for you in a matter. These too can vary in accordance with the sort of claim and the level of seniority of your authorized consultant. It is essential to debate how you will fund litigation together with your solicitor. The right to strategy a courtroom to resolve a dispute is a elementary human proper. However, that doesn’t imply that anybody can bring any declare in a British courtroom. This query is determined by contemplating whether a particular court has jurisdiction over an individual or a declare.
A complaint should explicitly state that a quantity of plaintiffs search damages or equitable reduction from one or more said defendants, and in addition should state the related factual allegations supporting the authorized claims brought by the plaintiffs. As the preliminary pleading, a grievance is crucial step in a civil case as a result of a complaint units the factual and authorized basis for everything of a case. While complaints and different pleadings could ordinarily be amended by a movement with the court, the criticism sets the framework for the complete case and the claims that will be asserted all through the complete lawsuit. If you need assistance understanding the meaning of litigation in legislation or with litigation itself, you presumably can publish your legal need on UpCounsel’s market. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from legislation schools similar to Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of authorized expertise, together with work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.
For further details about these entities and DLA Piper’s structure, please refer to the Legal Notices page of this website. In an surroundings where regulation and its enforcement will solely improve, we acknowledge that effective compliance and avoidance of regulatory intervention are enterprise crucial issues. The Legal 500 UKranked the firm in the top tier for worldwide arbitration and praised the agency for its “excellent service and evaluation of cases.” Represented upwards of 600 pro bono shoppers since 2013, achieving life-changing outcomes for individuals and making major contributions on problems with equal justice in the United States and internationally. Providing refined counsel on advanced regulatory points and high-stakes litigation while leveraging the experience of a variety of the nation’s finest strategic counselors and advocates targeted on tribal points.
Our work additionally covers advice and help during and following a dawn raid by the European Commission. Criminal cases involve a cost prosecuted by a governmental physique, seeking punishment for the violation of a felony statute. Indigent judgment-proof defendants are not imprisoned; debtor’s prisons have been outlawed by statute, constitutional modification, or international human rights treaties within the vast majority of widespread law jurisdictions. Usually the pleadings are drafted by a lawyer, however in many courts persons can file papers and symbolize themselves, which is identified as showing pro se.
It is necessary that the motion be filed within the time interval specified in the summons for an answer. If all …
Local Weather Change Litigation Databases Sabin Middle For Climate Change Legislation
We additionally characterize firms within the client product, meals and beverage, agricultural, and monetary companies industries, in addition to the manufacturing and high-tech sectors, among others. The Sarbanes Oxley Act, aggressive regulators, and well-funded class action attorneys have ushered in a model new period of high-stakes securities litigation. We handle all such issues, together with shareholder class actions, SEC proceedings, company governance points, contested takeovers, and shareholder disputes. Our securities apply attracts not solely on our litigation attorneys with expertise in that space but also on our top-tier company transactional apply, which has been concerned in innovative securities issues for many years. Business publication Crain’s selected companion Paula Howell Anderson to its 2021 Notable Women in Law list.
Who’s Who Legalhas ranked several WilmerHale attorneys among the world’s main arbitration, competition and investigations attorneys, as voted on by shoppers and friends. Full-spectrum illustration for firms going through client safety compliance questions, investigations, enforcement actions and litigation. The legal professional could have trial expertise and know tips on how to negotiate and handle the litigation course of for purchasers. There are many sorts of litigators specializing in all kinds of areas of regulation, starting from actual estate to family to employment regulation. That is why it is important you consult with an experienced litigator who has expertise handling the specific kinds of points you’re facing.
Our antitrust attorneys are positioned within the United States and all through Europe, and might represent parties in a number of jurisdictions, and in both personal and regulatory proceedings. The case arose from CalPERS’ lawsuit alleging the underwriters defrauded California’s state employees’ pension fund. Supreme Court affirmed the dismissal of CalPERS’ swimsuit towards Kirkland’s clients on the basis that it was, certainly, time-barred under Section 13. Defended lots of of securities class actions for technology firms, investment banks, broker-dealers and monetary companies companies. We represent Çukurova, the well-known Turkish conglomerate, in a long-running dispute with Russia’s Alfa Group concerning the ownership of a controlling shareholding in Turkcell İletişim A.S., Türkiye’s largest mobile phone company.
BASF’s motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ amended criticism remains pending. Global Competition Review recognized WilmerHale on its 2021 shortlist for Litigation of the Year–Cartel Defence award for work in Mexican government bonds antitrust litigation. In 2019, GCRhonored WilmerHale with the Litigation of the Year–Cartel Defence award in 2019 for its work in an auto elements antitrust class motion. In 2018, GCR honored WilmerHale with the identical award for its representation of the most important German airline in a preliminary listening to before the English High Court. Drawing on years of expertise in the non-public and non-private sectors, our lawyers handle a spread of litigation involving the federal government, state and overseas governments, and complicated regulatory regimes.
Our approach initially of every matter is to know our clients’ business wants and direct all of our efforts toward achieving them. Because of this, our long-term clients bring us in for a conversation lengthy earlier than any complaint is filed. Partner Agnès Dunogué has been …
Litigation Providers
Our worldwide experience, via places of work in Asia Pacific, Europe and Latin America, and our numerous multilingual attorneys, additional allow us to seamlessly symbolize shoppers globally and to efficiently handle disputes of an international nature. A competitor’s false promoting can do greater than rob an organization of business; it could damage and even destroy a company’s brand. Shearman & Sterling’s promoting litigation team has huge expertise serving to shoppers protect their reputations and companies in opposition to false promoting and unfair competition. We represent global and home shoppers from numerous industries in litigation under the Lanham Act and state legislation to cease false promoting and recuperate damages and unjust enrichment for the hurt brought on by unfair competitors.
Contact a professional attorney to assist you with any potential litigation challenges. We go through every of those steps in average element that can assist you perceive the primary ideas of every step in the litigation process. Cases similar to this illustrate the need for extra complete information than mere internet searches when researching legal decisions. While on-line searches are acceptable for many legal situations, they do not appear to be acceptable for all.
The official ruling of a lawsuit could be somewhat deceptive as a outcome of post-ruling outcomes are often not listed on the web. Litigation is the process of participating in a authorized proceeding, similar to a lawsuit. Advising the company on the litigation dangers of attainable enterprise selections. “Loyens & Loeff’s litigation follow in Luxembourg supplies a prime quality of service, a diligence in replies and an attention to the client’s wants that is rarely matched.”
Personal jurisdiction is obtained over the defendant (e.g. by the use of service of process). In different words, litigation has a really uneven reach and does not all the time handle a few of the most critical corporate wrongdoings in society. Litigation was certainly very expensive for each plaintiffs and defendants, and the above bills were solely the tip of the iceberg. As famous, it’s impossible to take the disputes directly as administrative litigation because the village collective is not part of the executive equipment. The company has constantly denied duty, but it agreed to the settlement to keep away from the expense of prolonged litigation.
These are the fees charged by your solicitor to act for you in a matter. These can also vary in accordance with the sort of claim and the level of seniority of your legal representative. It is essential to discuss how you will fund litigation together with your solicitor. The right to method a court to resolve a dispute is a fundamental human right. However, that does not mean that anybody can convey any declare in a British courtroom. This question is set by contemplating whether a selected court docket has jurisdiction over an individual or a claim.…
Litigation, Arbitration And Investigations Providers
Ask your lawyer if they use NAEGELI’s best-in-the- nation services while they litigate your case. Legal financing could be a sensible means for litigants to acquire financing while they anticipate a monetary settlement or an award of their private injury, employees’ compensation, or civil rights lawsuit. Often, plaintiffs who were injured or compelled to leave their jobs still have mortgages, lease, medical expenses, or different payments to pay. Other instances, litigants may merely want money to pay for the prices of litigation and attorneys’ charges, and because of this, many litigants turn to respected authorized financing companies to use for a money advance to assist pay for bills. After a ultimate decision has been made, both get together or both may enchantment from the judgment if they consider there had been a procedural error made by the trial court. It is not essentially an automated appeal after each judgment has been made, nevertheless, if there is a legal basis for the appeal, then one has the proper to take action.
Attorneys often participate in any variety of pre-lawsuit litigation actions. These can include a big selection of various things, from making formal written demands to the defendant, demanding compensation from the defendant, or filing an eviction discover with an area court. If your case will contain the assessment of complex and technical evidence then you may approach a specialist courtroom like the Technology and Construction Court which hears circumstances involving disputes over buildings, engineering or surveying. The quality of our apply has been acknowledged by authorities regulators who have appointed our companions as independent screens to conduct in-depth compliance reviews in dozens of countries, earning us a relationship of trust and credibility in the occupation.
As a Litigation regulation agency, our team has been constantly honored for excellence by Chambers USA. We are acknowledged for the successful representation of purchasers in matters starting from enterprise and securities litigation to white-collar protection. With strength across apply areas, our work and experience span the breadth of litigation matters our purchasers may face. For occasion, institutional investors come to us when they’re being pursued by regulators or when they or their portfolio companies have been broken by others. Household names in the life sciences, monetary providers, technology, power, and health care industries belief us with advanced class actions, inner investigations, and multidistrict litigation, as properly as their most sensitive employment, environmental, and insurance points. Such challenging occasions demand litigation attorneys with the experience to counsel purchasers through difficult issues and the fortitude to convey a case to trial if that’s the essential course.
In 2018, following oral argument on exceptions to the Special Master Report, a divided Supreme Court opinion remanded the case again to the Special Master for further proceedings. The National Law Journalhas named WilmerHale to its Appellate Hot List for thirteen consecutive years, which honors corporations that have achieved vital appellate wins through the past 12 months and have an impressive monitor record total. In 2021, the agency was named …
Litigation Providers
Litigation as governed by the federal courts contains a variety of federal guidelines. These are along with the foundations of native courts and the standing issues from judges. In fact, most litigation instances involve preliminary activity by the attorneys or lawyers, and then an extended interval of exchanging legal calls for, threats, and the like till the events start negotiating a settlement. Settlement negotiations are based on the kind of criticism and possible outcome for every party. Globalization of world markets has introduced limitless commercial opportunities. However, it has additionally elevated the potential for legal legal responsibility by exposing firms around the world to financial and reputational threat across a quantity of jurisdictions.
Firm Global Managing Partner and Global Head of the Firm’s Litigation Practice and Disputes Unit, Adam Hakki, was recognized by the leading litigation-specific listing as “Securities Lawyer of the Year” for the entire US. Partners Stephen Fishbein, Daniel Lewis, and Alan Goudiss were also ranked as a “Leading Lawyer” in White-Collar Criminal Defense, Securities Litigation, and M&A Litigation, respectively. Mallory Brennan had been named a “Next Generation Lawyer” in Securities Litigation and M&A Litigation, respectively.
Ask your lawyer in the occasion that they use NAEGELI’s best-in-the- nation companies whereas they litigate your case. Legal financing could be a practical means for litigants to acquire financing while they anticipate a financial settlement or an award in their personal injury, employees’ compensation, or civil rights lawsuit. Often, plaintiffs who were injured or pressured to go away their jobs nonetheless have mortgages, rent, medical expenses, or different bills to pay. Other times, litigants might merely want money to pay for the costs of litigation and attorneys’ charges, and because of this, many litigants turn to reputable legal financing companies to use for a money advance to help pay for payments. After a last choice has been made, both celebration or each could enchantment from the judgment in the occasion that they imagine there had been a procedural error made by the trial court docket. It is not necessarily an automated attraction after each judgment has been made, nevertheless, if there is a legal basis for the appeal, then one has the proper to do so.
The litigation course of is governed by The Civil Procedure Rules 1998. This is a complete algorithm which inform all features of the civil litigation process. The Rules prescribe the time limits within which sure steps within the litigation course of must be undertaken, the right types to use and the obligations on the events to litigation to slim the issues in dispute. Please note that other areas of dispute, such as matrimonial disputes, may have their very own set of procedural guidelines to observe. With experienced attorneys on the ground within the United States, Europe, Asia and South America, we symbolize multinational purchasers seamlessly and cost-efficiently throughout business strains and geographic locations.
The events meet and confer with each other so as to identify issues, focus on the potential of settlement, and put together …
Litigation, Arbitration And Investigations Services
BASF’s motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ amended grievance stays pending. Global Competition Review acknowledged WilmerHale on its 2021 shortlist for Litigation of the Year–Cartel Defence award for work in Mexican government bonds antitrust litigation. In 2019, GCRhonored WilmerHale with the Litigation of the Year–Cartel Defence award in 2019 for its work in an auto parts antitrust class motion. In 2018, GCR honored WilmerHale with the same award for its representation of the most important German airline in a preliminary listening to before the English High Court. Drawing on years of expertise in the public and private sectors, our attorneys handle a range of litigation involving the federal authorities, state and overseas governments, and sophisticated regulatory regimes.
FindLaw’s “Lawsuits and Lawyers” section might help you resolve whether or not you should sue and whenever you need a lawyer. This section has helpful articles on topics ranging from whether or not there’s a time limit on submitting a lawsuit, to what to expect throughout a lawsuit. You can even find some solutions to frequently requested questions, and sources explaining the legal system, small claims instances, and extra. Give an overview of instances during which state courts come into play in domestic and worldwide arbitration proceedings. Lawyers can still negotiate how compensation is paid, among quite a few different details. Closing a case has its personal set of rules to be adopted, however lastly, both events can cease accruing bills after their legal dispute.
The time period describes the precise authorized course of where events argue their case against one another in our court docket system. Litigants, often called plaintiff and defendant, make the most of the discovery course of and different court docket procedures to construct their case earlier than attempting it in front of a judge or jury. In addition to dealing with some of the largest, most complicated litigations, Skadden attorneys represent shoppers in a broad variety of professional bono matters, from trials to the united states
Following six years of litigation, two trials and numerous hearings in any respect appellate levels, in January 2013, a Privy Council ruling confirmed that Çukurova was entitled to redeem its shares (Alfa’s security for its authentic loan). A further hearing in March 2013 on legal responsibility for interest resulted in Çukurova paying US$1.5 billion, lower than half the quantity ATT claimed was payable, so as to reclaim its controlling interest in Turkcell. Our seven-year marketing campaign of litigation resulted in Çukurova successfully redeeming the shares in July 2014. Despite this conclusion being reached, we proceed to work on numerous different features of this case for Çukurova, including representation in relation to its ongoing disputes with Alfa and the enforcement of a US$1 billion arbitration award towards Çukurova within the British Virgin Islands. We symbolize Nestlé Purina PetCare Company and Nestlé USA, Inc. (Nestlé), within the protection of separate but related putative class actions.
Our antitrust attorneys are positioned in the United States and all through Europe, and might characterize parties in multiple jurisdictions, …
Litigation That Means, Definition In Cambridge English Dictionary
Partner Grace Lee has been recognized by Benchmark Litigation of their sixth annual “40 & Under Hot List.” The function honors probably the most notable up-and-coming litigation attorneys in the us and is based on intensive analysis and feedback from peers and shoppers. DLA Piper’s legal professionals are skilled in litigation, arbitration, investigations and ADR and can deploy that experience that will help you devise the most effective methods. Access the profiles of the more than 350 Lowenstein Sandler legal professionals who provide important legal counsel to purchasers in virtually every sector of the global economy… Simon Luk discusses Winston’s capacity to serve purchasers globally and the way the firm’s presence overseas benefits his personal fairness matters in Asia. Defending Polaris Industries and its subsidiary, Polaris Sales, Inc., in a consolidated putative shopper class motion alleging financial loss and design defect claims regarding Polaris off-road automobiles. Lead outside counsel for litigation communications and crisis management throughout all phases and features of the authorized disaster.
We have tried and arbitrated scores of instances throughout the United States and internationally, together with high-stakes class actions, business and intellectual property disputes, and tort claims. Our staff contains former federal prosecutors and an authorized civil trial lawyer who has first-chaired greater than a hundred jury trials to verdict. In today’s authorized and regulatory environment, litigation can threaten a company’s very existence. The firm can quickly assemble a centered, integrated and efficient group to handle all important aspects of a client’s downside and to handle quite a few cases in multiple jurisdictions and boards. We have dealt with a number of the largest and most high-profile cases in recent times, earning a status as a go-to agency for litigation, and we’re responsible for quite a few choices, from the trial courts to the united states We have been involved with most of the largest, most advanced and far-reaching anticorruption circumstances topic to the oversight of the DOJ, SEC and worldwide governmental authorities.
In different words, the terms “claimant” and “plaintiff” carry substantially completely different connotations of ritual in American English, in that only the latter dangers an award of prices in favor of an adversary in a lawsuit. There are numerous motions that both get together can file throughout the lawsuit to terminate it “prematurely”—before submission to the decide or jury for ultimate consideration. These motions try to steer the judge, through legal argument and generally accompanying proof, that there is not a reasonable way that the opposite party could legally win and due to this fact there isn’t any sense in persevering with with the trial. Motions for summary judgment, for example, can often be introduced earlier than, after, or through the actual presentation of the case.
Thus, a party who does not elevate an issue of truth on the trial court docket level typically can not increase it on attraction. At trial, each individual presents witnesses and the evidence collected is recorded. Generally talking, the plaintiff has the burden of proof in making …
Litigation Definition & That Means
In 2018, following oral argument on exceptions to the Special Master Report, a divided Supreme Court opinion remanded the case back to the Special Master for additional proceedings. The National Law Journalhas named WilmerHale to its Appellate Hot List for thirteen consecutive years, which honors firms that have achieved vital appellate wins in the course of the past yr and have a powerful monitor report overall. In 2021, the agency was named a finalist in their DC Litigation Department of the Year General Litigation contest and a winner in their 2019 Litigation Department of the Year White Collar contest and their 2017 Litigation Department of the Year General Litigation contest. Counseled greater than sixty five public and other corporations and people in the United States and internationally on Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and anti-corruption points.
It is essential that the motion be filed within the time interval specified in the summons for a solution. If the entire above motions are denied by the trial courtroom, and the defendant loses on all appeals from such denials , and at last the defendant must file a solution. Attorneys could trade formal requests, including interrogatories , demands referring to proof and documents, and requests for admission . This period may also contain depositions, which happen when attorneys request data from the parties and occasionally from third celebration witnesses. With a long time of expertise, multi-jurisdictional capabilities and a status for toughness and integrity, Shearman & Sterling is strongly positioned to information shoppers by way of today’s difficult felony legislation and regulatory enforcement surroundings.
Our method at the beginning of each matter is to grasp our clients’ enterprise needs and direct all of our efforts towards attaining them. Because of this, our long-term purchasers deliver us in for a conversation lengthy before any complaint is filed. Partner Agnès Dunogué has been named to Benchmark Litigation’s “Top 250 Women in Litigation” guide. At trial each side can introduce proof that can help to prove to the jury or the decide the truth of their positions.
The official ruling of a lawsuit may be somewhat deceptive as a result of post-ruling outcomes are sometimes not listed on the internet. Litigation is the method of partaking in a authorized continuing, corresponding to a lawsuit. Advising the corporate on the litigation dangers of attainable enterprise selections. “Loyens & Loeff’s litigation practice in Luxembourg provides a high quality of service, a diligence in replies and an attention to the client’s wants that’s not often matched.”
In September 2017, a jury found that Willowood infringed that course of patent and awarded Syngenta practically $1 million in damages. In November 2017, the court granted Syngenta’s movement for a everlasting injunction in opposition to Willowood, and denied Willowood’s motion to promote certain products it had imported but not but bought prior to the jury verdict. Benchmark Litigation recognized a number of WilmerHale attorneys in a huge selection of litigation apply areas including Antitrust, Appellate, Bankruptcy, Commercial, Criminal, Intellectual Property, Securities and White-Collar …
Litigation Legislation Firm Litigation Lawyer
The American Lawyer introduced Shearman & Sterling with its highest honor, the Global Citizenship Award – Lifetime Achievement, at this year’s Global Legal Awards gala in New York City. Partner K. Mallory Brennan was selected as one of many New York Law Journal’s Rising Stars. The award recognizes legal professionals 40 and younger who’ve made vital contributions to the legislation or legal group over the previous 12 months. Shearman & Sterling’s Litigation apply was acknowledged by The AmLaw Litigation Daily after securing a victory for GNOME Foundation, a pro bono consumer, in a patent infringement swimsuit filed by Rothschild Patent Imaging.
FindLaw’s “Lawsuits and Lawyers” part might help you decide whether or not you need to sue and whenever you want a lawyer. This part has useful articles on matters ranging from whether or not there is a time restrict on filing a lawsuit, to what to anticipate during a lawsuit. You also can discover some solutions to regularly requested questions, and assets explaining the legal system, small claims circumstances, and extra. Give an summary of cases by which state courts come into play in home and international arbitration proceedings. Lawyers can nonetheless negotiate how compensation is paid, among numerous different particulars. Closing a case has its personal set of rules to be adopted, however finally, each parties can stop accruing bills after their authorized dispute.
The litigation process is governed by The Civil Procedure Rules 1998. This is a comprehensive set of rules which inform all elements of the civil litigation course of. The Rules prescribe the deadlines inside which certain steps within the litigation process must be undertaken, the proper forms to use and the obligations on the events to litigation to slim the problems in dispute. Please notice that other areas of dispute, such as matrimonial disputes, could have their very own set of procedural guidelines to follow. With experienced legal professionals on the bottom in the United States, Europe, Asia and South America, we represent multinational shoppers seamlessly and cost-efficiently across business lines and geographic places.
A declaratory judgment may be issued to prevent future legal disputes. Trial expertise matter—even in a world the place few disputes ever see the inside of a courtroom. Our litigation attorneys are absolutely prepared to defend our clients’ pursuits in court docket, each in the United States and around the world. From compliance counseling to mediation, settlement negotiation, movement practice, trial, and attraction, Winston provides a full-service litigation law agency capable of assembly our clients’ business and authorized objectives, whatever they may be. The Legal 500 United Statesconsistently ranks WilmerHale’s litigation follow in the areas of international trade, patent litigation, appellate and US Supreme Court litigation, international arbitration, securities litigation, trials and white collar criminal defense. We function Facebook’s sole outside counsel, answerable for handling all of its worldwide (i.e., non-US-based) litigation wants, including issues implicating international knowledge safety, privacy, defamation, hosting provider legal responsibility, intellectual property and censorship laws.
The plaintiff sends the defendant written questions looking for data …
Litigation Definition & That Means
Also, at any time during this process from the submitting of the criticism to the ultimate judgment, the plaintiff may withdraw the grievance and finish the whole matter, or the defendant might agree to a settlement. If the case settles, the parties may select to enter into a stipulated judgment with the settlement agreement connected, or the plaintiff could merely file a voluntary dismissal, in order that the settlement agreement isn’t entered into the court record. A lawsuit begins when a complaint or petition, known as a pleading, is filed with the court.
The plaintiff on this example would then obtain some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim. The defendant may also file a “third party criticism”, which is the defendant’s privilege to affix one other celebration or events in the motion with the assumption that those events may be answerable for some or all of the plaintiff’s claimed damages. An reply from the defendant in response to the claims made towards him/her, also can embody additional facts or a so-called “excuse” for the plead. Filing a solution “joins the trigger” and moves the case into the pre-trial phase. Though the vast majority of lawsuits are settled earlier than ever reaching trial, they will still be very difficult to litigate. This is particularly true in federal methods, the place a federal court could additionally be applying state regulation (e.g. the Erie doctrine, for instance within the United States), or vice versa.
We present native know-how and culturally sensitive recommendation, whereas at all times making an allowance for the want to reduce the impression on clients’ companies and different reputational and regulatory risks. With more than 130 attorneys in the United States, Europe and Asia, our litigation group is ready to help in any crisis, whether or not the adversary is a authorities regulator, a competitor, or a well-funded class action lawyer. Representing Allergan in governmental inquiries and civil suits in multiple courts associated to its sale and advertising of opioid ache killers.
Learn how our insurance coverage law experts can guide your organisation through any insurance-related dispute. The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic attain throughout borders, industries, and authorized disciplines. That is why Loyens & Loeff has set up devoted skilled groups – to offer you an integrated answer to all of your authorized and tax questions related to the coronavirus outbreak. The court docket might maintain judgment, relying on the character of the scenario.
As a Litigation regulation firm, our group has been consistently honored for excellence by Chambers USA. We are recognized for the profitable illustration of clients in issues starting from business and securities litigation to white-collar defense. With power throughout practice areas, our work and expertise span the breadth of litigation matters our clients might face. For instance, institutional investors come to us when they are being pursued by regulators or once they or their portfolio companies have been damaged by others. Household names within the life sciences, financial providers, expertise, vitality, …