Category: Litigation

Litigation Which Means, Definition In Cambridge English Dictionary

There can additionally be the power of 1 to make an underneath oath assertion through the pretrial, also called a deposition. The deposition can be used within the trial or just within the pretrial, however this permits for each events to focus on the arguments or claims which are going to be made by the other party within the trial. The word litigation is all the time used in a authorized context, most often in reference to a lawsuit. Assisting the HR division in handling legal question associated workers complaints and dispute and finalization HR Policies including the corporate regulation. Handle legal query related to prospects complaints and claims derived from the company’s following channels.

To be in litigation typically means to be engaged in a civil authorized continuing . A litigator is a lawyer, especially one who focuses on civil cases. “Loyens & Loeff are enticing for American law firms who seek authorized help within the Netherlands.” “The agency has a well-resourced staff and their lawyers are very aware of client needs.”

There are steps to this highly formal, extremely regulated piece of the litigation process. Mediation Still an off-the-cuff affair, mediations are similar to facilitations in some ways. At the top of mediation or facilitation, the mediator will usually set a selected dollar value on the case. This number can then be agreed to by each side, or the case can transfer additional in direction of the courtroom — and excessive bills. The first part of the litigation is an informal investigation into the facts.

Litigation

“The Loyens group came in control extremely rapidly on a posh and novel matter that we dropped at them.” “They have a broad scope and deal with the complete vary of company, business and finance instances.” Tax authorities have gotten more decided in their method to tax disputes. The provision of strategic advice and guidance via every step of the process, when litigation can’t, or mustn’t, be prevented. Over the previous few weeks, we have mentioned the main adjustments to Belgian consumer legislation resulting from the implementation of the so-called Digital Sales Directive and Omnibus Directive.

It is necessary that the motion be filed throughout the time period specified within the summons for an answer. If all the above motions are denied by the trial court docket, and the defendant loses on all appeals from such denials , and eventually the defendant should file a solution. Attorneys could exchange formal requests, including interrogatories , calls for regarding proof and paperwork, and requests for admission . This interval may also involve depositions, which happen when attorneys request information from the events and infrequently from third get together witnesses. With decades of experience, multi-jurisdictional capabilities and a status for toughness and integrity, Shearman & Sterling is strongly positioned to information shoppers through today’s difficult criminal regulation and regulatory enforcement setting.

The term describes the actual authorized process where parties argue their case towards each other in our court docket system. Litigants, normally referred to as …

By Michael October 20, 2023 Off

Litigation Regulation Agency Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom Llp

Investigations, litigation and enforcement actions launched by state attorneys common have gotten more and more commonplace, and present distinctive challenges that require a selected skillset to deal with. A cross-disciplinary group that helps purchasers navigate the quickly evolving legal, coverage and corporate governance responses to local weather change and social justice points. Clients throughout a spread of industries turn to WilmerHale for stylish illustration in high-stakes class motion litigation. We are advising a quantity one world financial establishment in investigations by the European Commission, the US Department of Justice, the US CFTC, the UK FCA and the Monetary Authority of Singapore on the setting of LIBOR, EURIBOR and SIBOR. A multi-office staff has been advising the financial institution in these cross-border investigations, coordinating motion and the bank’s responses to the various regulatory authorities involved.

This litigation and associated litigation have been identified publicly as a high priority of the DOJ, of several congressional leaders, and of numerous state Attorneys General, who are additionally bringing their very own investigations and suits. Represented the Independent Directors of the Board of Directors of Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, Inc. in a excessive profile review of allegations that brought on the company’s inventory to decline significantly and resulted in extensive ranging authorities investigations and press protection. WilmerHale offers one of the world’s premier international arbitration and dispute decision practices. Before a lawsuit is filed, the plaintiff sometimes calls for that the defendant perform sure actions that can resolve the conflict.

Digital transformation is all about utilizing the most recent technology to improve your business model. Digital expertise creates new business opportunities which in turn creates a complete new range of tax and legal challenges corresponding to contracting, information safety, privateness questions, mental property, shopper safety and competition issues. UpCounsel is an interactive on-line service that makes it faster and easier for companies to seek out and hire legal assist solely primarily based on their preferences. We usually are not a regulation agency, do not present any legal services, authorized recommendation or “lawyer referral companies” and do not provide or take part in any legal representation. Although 90 p.c of litigation circumstances aren’t taken to trial, it still happens often. The plaintiff presents their case first, and then the defendant is allowed to defend their case against the allegations.

A declaratory judgment could additionally be issued to forestall future legal disputes. Trial skills matter—even in a world where few disputes ever see the inside of a courtroom. Our litigation legal professionals are totally ready to defend our clients’ pursuits in court docket, both in the United States and all over the world. From compliance counseling to mediation, settlement negotiation, movement practice, trial, and appeal, Winston offers a full-service litigation regulation agency able to assembly our clients’ business and authorized objectives, no matter they could be. The Legal 500 United Statesconsistently ranks WilmerHale’s litigation practice within the areas of international commerce, patent litigation, appellate and US Supreme Court litigation, worldwide arbitration, securities litigation, trials and white collar criminal …

By Michael October 14, 2023 Off

What’s Litigation? An Summary Of The Method

“Excellent knowledge of their authorized enterprise and also with regulatory objects.” “An experienced team that’s used to dealing with high profile and complicated instances. Consistent strength in depth throughout the team.” In a continuously evolving technological environment, your advisers must combine proficiency in new technologies with intensive authorized abilities to stop risks and assist if disputes arise. Insurance law is an ever-changing field, with far-reaching implications for your corporation.

Department of Justice, and secured full confidential declination. IAM Patent 1000ranked WilmerHale as a leading firm for litigation in the US and UK, and in regional US rankings in California, Colorado, the DC Metro space, Massachusetts and New York (2018–2021). “It’s a winning, dedicated and really talented team with great bench power. They’re very client-focused, are good listeners and supply the desired results and outcomes.”

Litigation

These are the charges charged by your solicitor to act for you in a matter. These can also range in accordance with the type of declare and the extent of seniority of your legal representative. It is essential to discuss how you’ll fund litigation with your solicitor. The proper to approach a court to resolve a dispute is a fundamental human proper. However, that does not imply that anyone can bring any claim in a British court. This question is determined by considering whether a specific court docket has jurisdiction over a person or a declare.

Our antitrust attorneys are located in the United States and throughout Europe, and might symbolize events in multiple jurisdictions, and in both personal and regulatory proceedings. The case arose from CalPERS’ lawsuit alleging the underwriters defrauded California’s state employees’ pension fund. Supreme Court affirmed the dismissal of CalPERS’ go properly with in opposition to Kirkland’s purchasers on the premise that it was, indeed, time-barred underneath Section thirteen. Defended tons of of securities class actions for technology firms, investment banks, broker-dealers and monetary services firms. We characterize Çukurova, the well-known Turkish conglomerate, in a long-running dispute with Russia’s Alfa Group in regards to the ownership of a controlling shareholding in Turkcell İletişim A.S., Türkiye’s largest cell phone firm.

Firm Global Managing Partner and Global Head of the Firm’s Litigation Practice and Disputes Unit, Adam Hakki, was acknowledged by the leading litigation-specific listing as “Securities Lawyer of the Year” for the whole US. Partners Stephen Fishbein, Daniel Lewis, and Alan Goudiss had been also ranked as a “Leading Lawyer” in White-Collar Criminal Defense, Securities Litigation, and M&A Litigation, respectively. Mallory Brennan were named a “Next Generation Lawyer” in Securities Litigation and M&A Litigation, respectively.…

By Michael October 3, 2023 Off

What’s Litigation & Its Advantages & Disadvantages?

Drawing on the collective expertise of dozens of lawyers throughout a quantity of offices and practices, WilmerHale’s International Litigation Group has efficiently resolved numerous cross-border litigations. “They have legal professionals of the best calibre and might mobilise highly skilled and motivated groups that provide a first-class service to shoppers.” “They have a diverse and impressive litigation practice, with a group of skillful legal professionals drawn from quite so much of backgrounds and providing work that’s all the time of excellent quality.” There are many circumstances that may result in a lawsuit, working the gambit from being injured, to having a dispute with a enterprise. While filing a lawsuit is not a call to take flippantly, it sometimes may be the most effective avenue to resolve a dispute. These various dispute resolutions are normally carried out pre-trial, however they can be invoked mid-trial to chop a case short and save further expense and time.

If parties can not attain an agreed settling worth, the accusing get together (referred to because the “plaintiff”) and the accused party will often seek “Alternative Dispute Resolution” — options for decision apart from a full-blown courtroom trial. This sometimes takes certainly one of three forms, facilitation, mediation, or arbitration. Litigation has its begin when a consumer approaches an attorney with their dispute. Whether a tenant has a mountain of unpaid rent, or a business partner made off with firm profits, the legal professional will evaluation the potential client’s case. There was a examine carried out within the Supreme Court Economic Review that reveals why litigation financing can be sensible and useful to the general court docket system and lawsuits within the court.

Litigation

Decisions of the court can be made immediately after just studying the written brief, or there may additionally be oral arguments made by both events involved within the appeal. The appellate court then makes the choice about what errors have been made when the regulation was checked out more carefully in the decrease courtroom. There were no errors made, the case would then finish, but if the choice was reversed, the appellate court would then send the case again all the method down to the decrease court stage. There, a model new trial will be held and new information taken under consideration.

Discovery is supposed to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is about, and also to make the events resolve if they should settle or drop frivolous claims and/or defenses. At this level the parties may have interaction in pretrial motions to exclude or embody particular authorized or factual points earlier than trial. If the defendant chooses to file a solution inside the time permitted, the reply must handle each of the plaintiffs’ allegations. The defendant has three selections to make, which include both admitting to the allegation, denying it, or pleading an absence of enough info to confess or deny the allegation. Some jurisdictions, like California and Florida, nonetheless authorize common denials of each allegation in the grievance.

“Has a deep understanding …

By Michael September 13, 2023 Off

Litigation Meaning, Definition In Cambridge English Dictionary

Shearman & Sterling has been named a prime staff within the US within the areas of Securities Litigation byThe Legal 500. Our White Collar, General Commercial Litigation, M&A Litigation, Financial Services Litigation, Civil/Class Action Litigation, and International Litigation groups have been also highly ranked. Shearman & Sterling has been named one of the high teams within the US in the areas of Securities Litigation, General Commercial Litigation, and White Collar & Government Investigations by Chambers & Partners. Our Antitrust, FCPA, and International Arbitration groups had been also ranked.

Litigation

Investigations, litigation and enforcement actions launched by state attorneys basic are becoming more and more commonplace, and present distinctive challenges that require a particular skillset to handle. A cross-disciplinary group that helps clients navigate the quickly evolving authorized, coverage and company governance responses to local weather change and social justice issues. Clients across a spread of industries turn to WilmerHale for stylish representation in high-stakes class action litigation. We are advising a quantity one world monetary institution in investigations by the European Commission, the US Department of Justice, the US CFTC, the UK FCA and the Monetary Authority of Singapore on the setting of LIBOR, EURIBOR and SIBOR. A multi-office group has been advising the financial institution in these cross-border investigations, coordinating action and the financial institution’s responses to the varied regulatory authorities involved.

FindLaw’s “Lawsuits and Lawyers” section can help you resolve whether you should sue and if you need a lawyer. This section has useful articles on subjects ranging from whether there’s a time restrict on filing a lawsuit, to what to anticipate throughout a lawsuit. You also can find some answers to incessantly asked questions, and assets explaining the legal system, small claims circumstances, and more. Give an summary of situations during which state courts come into play in domestic and worldwide arbitration proceedings. Lawyers can still negotiate how compensation is paid, among quite a few different details. Closing a case has its personal algorithm to be adopted, however finally, both events can cease accruing expenses after their legal dispute.

This study concluded that the brand new guidelines that were set for litigation financing really did produce extra settlements. Under conservative rules, there tended to be fewer settlements, however under the older guidelines they tended to be bigger on common. Loyens & Loeff staff is well-versed in third-party litigation and might assist shoppers in choosing essentially the most acceptable financing options and work alongside funders throughout the litigation process. Trust in our multidisciplinary legal groups to do what it takes to adequately resolve any sort of economic or company dispute, and assist you in dealing with litigation proceedings. Once the courtroom has heard the evidence and argument as to the proper legal conclusion primarily based on the evidence, it’ll make its decision.

The plaintiff in this instance would then obtain some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim. The defendant can also file a “third get together grievance”, which is the defendant’s privilege to join one …

By Michael July 9, 2023 Off

Local Weather Change Litigation Databases Sabin Middle For Climate Change Legislation

There can be the power of 1 to make an underneath oath statement in the course of the pretrial, also recognized as a deposition. The deposition can be utilized within the trial or just within the pretrial, however this allows for each events to pay attention to the arguments or claims which are going to be made by the opposite celebration within the trial. The word litigation is always utilized in a authorized context, most frequently in reference to a lawsuit. Assisting the HR division in dealing with legal query associated staff complaints and dispute and finalization HR Policies together with the corporate regulation. Handle authorized question related to prospects complaints and claims derived from the company’s following channels.

Litigation

Shearman & Sterling has been named a top staff in the US in the areas of Securities Litigation byThe Legal 500. Our White Collar, General Commercial Litigation, M&A Litigation, Financial Services Litigation, Civil/Class Action Litigation, and International Litigation teams have been additionally extremely ranked. Shearman & Sterling has been named one of many top groups in the US within the areas of Securities Litigation, General Commercial Litigation, and White Collar & Government Investigations by Chambers & Partners. Our Antitrust, FCPA, and International Arbitration groups had been additionally ranked.

After a trial, if either get together is unhappy with the end result or believes mistakes were made that, if reversed, would change the outcome, they will enchantment to a higher court and lengthen the trial process. Pre-Trial Motions Motions are made to the court, usually to determine disputed facts. Rarely, if an legal professional has an hermetic case, they can move to dismiss the trial entirely, however this requires such obvious truth in favor of one party that it nearly never happens. When most people ask, “What is litigation,” this is the one step they consider. But even a lawsuit does not completely happen in entrance of choose and jury.

FindLaw’s “Lawsuits and Lawyers” section can help you resolve whether or not you want to sue and when you want a lawyer. This section has helpful articles on topics starting from whether or not there is a time limit on filing a lawsuit, to what to expect throughout a lawsuit. You also can find some solutions to incessantly asked questions, and resources explaining the legal system, small claims cases, and extra. Give an summary of cases during which state courts come into play in home and international arbitration proceedings. Lawyers can nonetheless negotiate how compensation is paid, amongst quite a few other details. Closing a case has its own algorithm to be followed, however finally, both events can cease accruing expenses after their legal dispute.

Give a short overview of the political and social background because it relates to civil litigation. Look up lawsuitor actio popularis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Those who do interact in litigation and current their cases in court can still comply with settle earlier than a decision is reached by the court—meaning they agree to end litigation …

By Michael June 21, 2023 Off

Litigation Which Means, Definition In Cambridge English Dictionary

We present native know-how and culturally sensitive recommendation, while all the time allowing for the want to decrease the impact on clients’ businesses and other reputational and regulatory dangers. With more than a hundred thirty attorneys within the United States, Europe and Asia, our litigation staff is in a position to assist in any disaster, whether or not the adversary is a government regulator, a competitor, or a well-funded class motion attorney. Representing Allergan in governmental inquiries and civil suits in a quantity of courts related to its sale and marketing of opioid ache killers.

We work with you to handle potential risk and implement the best options to reduce expensive escalation. We aim to unravel advanced business disputes as swiftly and successfully as potential and provide solutions that are aligned with your corporation aims. While our litigation legal professionals have the ability and experience to attempt instances in any jurisdiction in the nation, we perceive that protecting our shoppers often requires avoiding the enterprise interruption and unwanted public exposure attributable to extensive litigation. The finest measure of our success is the long-term relationships we now have constructed with people and firms alike. Our clients return to us many times when the stakes are highest, figuring out that we’ll work tirelessly on their behalf to achieve favorable results in line with their business targets.

If they can agree on a price, they settle, and the case by no means goes to court. Litigation is a noun most of us are conversant in, however few exterior the authorized area perceive the real definition. Litigation refers back to the strategy of contesting and resolving disputes within the authorized system. In medieval instances, both “action” and “go nicely with” had the approximate meaning of some type of authorized continuing, but an action terminated when a judgment was rendered, while a suit additionally included the execution of the judgment.

The time period describes the actual authorized course of where events argue their case against each other in our courtroom system. Litigants, usually known as plaintiff and defendant, utilize the invention course of and other courtroom procedures to build their case earlier than making an attempt it in front of a choose or jury. In addition to dealing with a number of the largest, most complex litigations, Skadden attorneys symbolize clients in all kinds of professional bono issues, from trials to the united states

The materials on this website are supposed to offer a basic abstract of the legislation and don’t represent authorized advice. You ought to seek the guidance of with counsel to find out applicable authorized requirements in a specific fact state of affairs. Access our insightful thought management, together with articles, client alerts, and blog posts… Represented a foreign country’s national energy company regarding alleged felony exercise within the Baaken Formation oil fields of Montana and the Dakotas.

Our experience in these and other advanced litigation claims spans across numerous industries, together with banking, energy, financial companies, insurance coverage, well being care, …

By Michael June 12, 2023 Off

Climate Change Litigation Databases Sabin Heart For Local Weather Change Law

Commercial disputes around the globe have gotten harder to navigate. Expanding international companies, altering regulatory necessities, increasing corporate scrutiny and sophisticated cross-border transactions are among the drivers. Regardless of origin, the stakes may be excessive, with a potential world influence. Organizations and individuals look to proactively reduce their danger. When matters arise, bringing them to a detailed in a cost-effective and environment friendly manner is the goal. Litigation is the act of bringing a case to court to settle a dispute.

Once a ultimate determination has been made at the trial court docket, the dropping party could attraction the decision inside a specified time frame. The federal and state courts have courts of appeal that hear most civil appeals. In addition to our New York Law Journal recognition, we now have been widely known for our successes on behalf of clients, together with being named U.S. In 2021, Skadden was once more named to BTI Consulting Group’s record of top litigation legislation companies – The Fearsome Foursome.

The events meet and confer with one another so as to establish points, focus on the potential for settlement, and put together a plan for discovery and disclosure. To be extra exact, in early pre-consumer societies the place transactions have been largely unwritten, litigation occurred as a method of building the terms of transactions. The conduct of a lawsuit.There is ongoing litigation in this matter.

Litigation

A claimant could, as well as, deliver a “reply to the defence” to deal with these additional information. Statement of case – this document sets out the total particulars of the claim together with the facts which help the declare being made. For more on litigation, see this University of Minnesota legislation Review article, this Vanderbilt Law Review article, and this Stanford Law Review article.

The litigation process is ruled by The Civil Procedure Rules 1998. This is a comprehensive algorithm which inform all features of the civil litigation course of. The Rules prescribe the deadlines inside which certain steps within the litigation course of should be undertaken, the correct forms to use and the obligations on the parties to litigation to slim the issues in dispute. Please observe that different areas of dispute, such as matrimonial disputes, could have their very own set of procedural guidelines to follow. With skilled legal professionals on the bottom within the United States, Europe, Asia and South America, we characterize multinational clients seamlessly and cost-efficiently across business lines and geographic locations.

“Has a deep understanding of worldwide regulation issues and works nicely with international clients.” “Loyens & Loeff has a small however constant staff of good arbitration lawyers.” The Netherlands Commercial Court (and the Netherlands Commercial Court of Appeal (NCC) aims to offer an efficient resolution to international enterprise disputes. Rely on Loyens & Loeff to forestall non-compliance or negotiate disputes associated to economic or criminal offences or legal violations.

Uncompromising defense of corporations and individuals in high-profile and complex litigation and investigations. Give an outline of primary procedural ideas that …

By Michael May 3, 2023 Off

Litigation That Means, Definition In Cambridge English Dictionary

The prevailing celebration could enchantment, for example, in the occasion that they needed a bigger award than was granted. The appellate courtroom and/or a better court docket then affirms the judgment, declines to hear it , reverses—or vacates and remands. This process would then involve sending the lawsuit back to the lower trial courtroom to deal with an unresolved issue, or probably request for a whole new trial. Some lawsuits go up and down the appeals ladder repeatedly before ultimate resolution. We work in coordination with our Antitrust Group on non-public and regulatory competitors matters, including Sherman Act Section 1 price-fixing claims, Sherman Act Section 2 monopolization claims, and claims arising underneath state antitrust and unfair competition legal guidelines.

Litigation

Discovery is supposed to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is about, and likewise to make the parties decide if they need to settle or drop frivolous claims and/or defenses. At this point the events can also interact in pretrial motions to exclude or embrace particular authorized or factual points earlier than trial. If the defendant chooses to file an answer throughout the time permitted, the reply should handle every of the plaintiffs’ allegations. The defendant has three selections to make, which embody both admitting to the allegation, denying it, or pleading an absence of enough info to confess or deny the allegation. Some jurisdictions, like California and Florida, still authorize basic denials of every allegation within the criticism.

Unless you’re an current consumer, earlier than communicating with WilmerHale by e-mail , please learn the Disclaimer referenced by this hyperlink.. As noted therein, until you’ve obtained from us a written assertion that we represent you in a specific manner (an “engagement letter”) you should not ship to us any confidential details about any such matter. After we’ve undertaken representation of you regarding a matter, you could be our consumer, and we might thereafter exchange confidential information freely.

Dan Newcomb acquired the “Outstanding Career Award” from Global Investigations Review. The awards celebrate probably the most spectacular investigations practices and legal professionals and probably the most noteworthy developments. Shearman & Sterling was chosen by Global Investigations Review,a guide to the world’s leading corporations for handling refined cross-border, government-led and inside investigations, as one of many world’s high investigation practices. Partners Grace Lee and Katherine Stoller have been named by the Euromoney Legal Media Group as 2020 “Rising Stars” in the litigation and white collar crime categories, respectively.

Also, at any time throughout this course of from the filing of the grievance to the final judgment, the plaintiff could withdraw the criticism and end the entire matter, or the defendant might agree to a settlement. If the case settles, the parties would possibly select to enter right into a stipulated judgment with the settlement settlement hooked up, or the plaintiff might merely file a voluntary dismissal, so that the settlement agreement isn’t entered into the courtroom record. A lawsuit begins when a complaint or petition, known as a pleading, is filed with the court.…

By Michael March 21, 2023 Off

Litigation And Dispute Resolution Legal Professionals

The plaintiff on this instance would then receive some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim. The defendant may file a “third get together complaint”, which is the defendant’s privilege to join one other party or events in the motion with the belief that those parties could additionally be responsible for some or all of the plaintiff’s claimed damages. An answer from the defendant in response to the claims made in opposition to him/her, can even include further facts or a so-called “excuse” for the plead. Filing an answer “joins the cause” and moves the case into the pre-trial phase. Though the overwhelming majority of lawsuits are settled before ever reaching trial, they will still be very sophisticated to litigate. This is especially true in federal techniques, where a federal court could additionally be making use of state law (e.g. the Erie doctrine, for example in the United States), or vice versa.

Thus, a party who doesn’t raise a difficulty of truth on the trial courtroom stage typically can’t raise it on attraction. At trial, every particular person presents witnesses and the proof collected is recorded. Generally talking, the plaintiff has the burden of proof in making his claims, nonetheless, the defendant may have the burden of proof on other issues, such as affirmative defenses. The attorneys are held accountable in devising a trial technique that ensures they meet the necessary components of their case or to make sure the opponent won’t be able to fulfill his or her burden.

Litigation

Litigation as ruled by the federal courts includes numerous federal rules. These are in addition to the rules of native courts and the standing points from judges. In fact, most litigation instances involve initial activity by the attorneys or attorneys, and then a long period of exchanging legal calls for, threats, and the like until the parties start negotiating a settlement. Settlement negotiations are primarily based on the kind of criticism and possible end result for every celebration. Globalization of world markets has brought limitless industrial opportunities. However, it has also elevated the potential for legal legal responsibility by exposing companies around the world to monetary and reputational risk across multiple jurisdictions.

Procedural rules are constrained and informed by separate statutory laws, case legal guidelines, and constitutional provisions that outline the rights of the events to a lawsuit , though the principles generally replicate this authorized context on their face. The details of the procedure differ greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and often from court docket to courtroom even within the similar jurisdiction. These guidelines of the actual procedures are very important for litigants to know, as a result of the litigants are the ones who dictate the timing and progression of the lawsuit. Litigants are responsible to acquire the suited end result and the timing of reaching this outcome. Failure to adjust to the procedural rules could result in critical limitations that can affect the power of one to present claims or defenses at any subsequent …

By Michael February 17, 2023 Off